This is the list of Schedule II drugs as defined by the United StatesControlled Substances Act.[1]The following findings are required for drugs to be placed in this schedule:[2]
The complete list of Schedule II drugs follows.[1] The Administrative Controlled Substances Code Number for each drug is included.
References[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Schedule_II_drugs_(US)&oldid=790243388'
Any discussion on narcotics, prescription drugs, or other controlled substances is usually peppered with the word schedule. One substance may be Schedule I, while another is Schedule II, III, or IV. For an individual who is not familiar with controlled substances, the word may simply pass through the conversation without a second glance. To those who understand the drug industry, however, these phrases are paramount to understanding the type of substance being discussed.
These terms are called drug classifications. Per the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), medical professionals and law enforcement officials use drug classifications to delineate a substanceâs legality, based on âthe drugâs acceptable medical use and the drugâs abuse or dependency potential.â Simply put, classifications help to categorize current and developing drugs, which in turn helps lawmakers, law enforcers, and medical experts understand how best to handle a particular substance. In this way, scheduling narcotics, prescription medications, and other drugs makes the industry safer for everyone.
A History of the CSA
Drug classifications have officially been in place since the 1970s, when President Nixon signed the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) into law. However, the CSA is merely a chapter in the United Statesâ long and complicated history with addictive substances. The US has been striving to safely and effectively control drug use since the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. This act required food and drug manufactures to clearly label any product that contains dangerous substances â substances that included alcohol, morphine, opium, and cannabis.
The act was amended numerous times over the six decades that followed, but the greatest change took effect in the early 1970s with the CSA. A companion to Nixonâs War on Drugs, the Controlled Substances Act gave the DEA and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) the power to determine which substances are fit for medical use.
The Classifications
The drugs that are considered the most dangerous by the DEA are known as Schedule I substances. These are drugs with no current medical use, per analysis by the DEA and FDA. These substances also carry a high potential for abuse and addiction.
Some Schedule I drugs include:
Schedule II drugs are also considered highly addictive with a dangerous potential for abuse. What makes them different from Schedule I drugs? Unlike the group above, Schedule II drugs are considered medically acceptable in particular cases, like for treating chronic pain or addiction. For this reason, Schedule II drugs can be obtained with a doctorâs prescription, but the risks of long-term use are still great.
Examples of Schedule II drugs include:
Schedule III drugs include:
The DEA classifies substances with a low to moderate potential for physical and psychological dependence under Schedule III. When misused, these drugs can still lead to abuse or addiction, but they are still less dangerous than drugs in Schedules I and II. You can purchase these drugs at a pharmacy with a prescription, but you generally will not find them available over the counter.
Schedule IV drugs include:
Schedule IV is the next classification level down in the DEAâs roster. Once again, these drugs have clear evidence of viable medical use, and they also possess a low probability for misuse and abuse. Of course, it is important to remember that a low probability does not mean there is no probability. Schedule IV drugs could still lead to addiction if they are seriously misused or mixed with other substances of abuse.
Schedule V drugs include:
Finally, the DEA labels the least addictive substances under Schedule V. Most Schedule V substances involve preparing the drug with a small quantity of some narcotic. A common example is cough syrup. Schedule V substances have a very low potential for abuse; however, if the substance is misused to a large degree, physical or psychological dependency could develop.
How Scheduling Works
How does the DEA and FDA know which drugs are safe and which arenât? According to a report in Vox, various studies on the drugâs effectiveness and risks are required and reviewed. Any drug entering the market must be analyzed, whether it is a new pharmaceutical or a street drug rising in popularity. First, the DEA determines whether the drug can be abused. If the answer is âyes,â regardless of how low the probability may be, the drug moves forward in the scheduling system.
At this stage, classification can become a little murky. While any drug that is scheduled under the CSA has some potential for abuse, the probability for addiction is so vaguely defined that where a drug is scheduled depends largely on the evidence that research on the drug can yield. Drugs require large-scale clinical trials to showcase their medical merit and keep them out of Schedule I classification. If the evidence is strong enough, the DEA designates the drug in a lower schedule, which deems it acceptable for use.
Classification Controversies
Some drugs have been reclassified over the years. For example, in 2014, the DEA reclassified the drug hydrocodone, moving it from Schedule III to Schedule II. But on the whole, reclassification or unscheduling a substance is rather rare, and this has led to many controversies surrounding the Controlled Substances Act.
The most well-known controversy surrounds marijuana, a Schedule I substance that many experts believe has only a low to moderate risk for addiction and could possess great medical benefits for individuals suffering from cancer and other serious conditions. Despite a growing body of evidence in support of reclassification, the DEA decided that marijuana would retain its Schedule I status in 2016. To many, this decision was considered a holdover from the War on Drugs mentality, in which any substance once deemed illicit can find no saving grace.
Another CSA controversy surrounds specific language the act uses to exempt alcohol and cigarettes. Title 21 of the United States Code reads, âThe term âcontrolled substanceâ means a drug or other substance, or immediate precursor, included in Schedule I, II, III, IV, or V of part B of this subchapter. The term does not include distilled spirits, wine, malt beverages, or tobacco.â To critics, this decision seems careless; the dangers of alcohol and tobacco are well documented, and some experts argue that were it not for this exemption, these substances would be Schedule I.
Despite its flaws, the drug classification system is an efficient way to help medical professionals, lawmakers, other officials, and laypeople across the country assess the benefits and dangers of various drugs and medications.
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Drugs affecting the cardiac action potential. The sharp rise in voltage ('0') corresponds to the influx of sodium ions, whereas the two decays ('1' and '3', respectively) correspond to the sodium-channel inactivation and the repolarizing efflux of potassium ions. The characteristic plateau ('2') results from the opening of voltage-sensitive calcium channels.
Antiarrhythmic agents, also known as cardiac dysrhythmia medications, are a group of pharmaceuticals that are used to suppress abnormal rhythms of the heart (cardiac arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation.
Many attempts have been made to classify antiarrhythmic agents. The problem arises from the fact that many of the antiarrhythmic agents have multiple modes of action, making any classification imprecise.
Vaughan Williams classification[edit]
The Vaughan Williams classification was introduced in 1970 by Miles Vaughan Williams.[1]
Miles was the tutor for Pharmacology at Hertford College, Oxford; one of his students, Bramah N. Singh,[2] contributed to the development of the classification system, and had a subsequent eminent career in the United States; the system is therefore sometimes known as the Singh-Vaughan Williams classification.
The five main classes in the Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic agents are:
With regard to management of atrial fibrillation, classes I and III are used in rhythm control as medical cardioversion agents, while classes II and IV are used as rate-control agents.
Class I agents[edit]
The class I antiarrhythmic agents interfere with the sodium channel.Class I agents are grouped by what effect they have on the Na+ channel, and what effect they have on cardiac action potentials.
Class I agents are called membrane-stabilizing agents, 'stabilizing' referring to the decrease of excitogenicity of the plasma membrane which is brought about by these agents. (Also noteworthy is that a few class II agents like propranolol also have a membrane stabilizing effect.)
Class I agents are divided into three groups (Ia, Ib, and Ic) based upon their effect on the length of the action potential.[8][9]
Class II agents[edit]
Class II agents are conventional beta blockers. They act by blocking the effects of catecholamines at the β1-adrenergic receptors, thereby decreasing sympathetic activity on the heart, which reduces intracellular cAMP levels and hence reduces Ca2+ influx. These agents are particularly useful in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardias. They decrease conduction through the AV node.
Class II agents include atenolol, esmolol, propranolol, and metoprolol.
Class III agents[edit]
Class III
Class III agents predominantly block the potassium channels, thereby prolonging repolarization.[10] Since these agents do not affect the sodium channel, conduction velocity is not decreased. The prolongation of the action potential duration and refractory period, combined with the maintenance of normal conduction velocity, prevent re-entrant arrhythmias. (The re-entrant rhythm is less likely to interact with tissue that has become refractory). The class III agents exhibit reverse-use dependence (their potency increases with slower heart rates, and therefore improves maintenance of sinus rhythm). Inhibiting potassium channels, slowing repolarization, results in slowed atrial-ventricular myocyte repolarization. Class III agents have the potential to prolong the QT interval of the EKG, and may be proarrhythmic (more associated with development of polymorphic VT).
Class III agents include: bretylium, amiodarone, ibutilide, sotalol, dofetilide, vernakalant and dronedarone.
Class IV agents[edit]
Class IV agents are slow non-dihydropyridinecalcium channel blockers. They decrease conduction through the AV node, and shorten phase two (the plateau) of the cardiac action potential. They thus reduce the contractility of the heart, so may be inappropriate in heart failure. However, in contrast to beta blockers, they allow the body to retain adrenergic control of heart rate and contractility.
Class IV agents include verapamil and diltiazem.
Class V / other agents[edit]
Since the development of the original Vaughan Williams classification system, additional agents have been used that do not fit cleanly into categories I through IV.
Agents include:
History[edit]
The initial classification system had 4 classes, although their definitions different from the modern classification. Those proposed in 1970 were:[1]
Sicilian gambit classification[edit]
Another approach, known as the 'Sicilian gambit', placed a greater approach on the underlying mechanism.[19][20][21]
It presents the drugs on two axes, instead of one, and is presented in tabular form. On the Y axis, each drug is listed, in roughly the Singh-Vaughan Williams order. On the X axis, the channels, receptors, pumps, and clinical effects are listed for each drug, with the results listed in a grid. It is, therefore, not a true classification in that it does not aggregate drugs into categories.[22]
A modernized Oxford classification by Lei, Huang, Wu and Terrar[edit]
A recent publication has now emerged with a fully modernised drug classification.[23] This preserves the simplicity of the original Vaughan Williams framework while capturing subsequent discoveries of sarcolemmal, sarcoplasmic reticular and cytosolic biomolecules. The result is an expanded but pragmatic classification that encompasses approved and potential anti-arrhythmic drugs. This will aid our understanding and clinical management of cardiac arrhythmias and facilitate future therapeutic developments. It starts by considering the range of pharmacological targets, and tracks these to their particular cellular electrophysiological effects. It retains but expands the original Vaughan Williams classes I to IV, respectively covering actions on Na+ current components, autonomic signalling, K+ channel subspecies, and molecular targets related to Ca2+ homeostasis. It now introduces new classes incorporating additional targets, including:
It also allows for multiple drug targets/actions and adverse pro-arrhythmic effects. The new scheme will additionally aid development of novel drugs under development and is illustrated below.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antiarrhythmic_agent&oldid=891008707'
Published online 2012 Jun 21. doi: 10.1208/s12248-012-9384-z
PMID: 22718306
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Abstract
The Biopharmaceutics Classification system (BCS) classifies drug substances based on aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability. The objective of this study was to use the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines to determine the distribution of BCS Class 1, 2, 3, and 4 drugs in Abbreviated New drug Applications (ANDA) submissions. To categorize solubility and intestinal permeability properties of generic drugs under development, we used a list of 61 drugs which were classified as BCS 1, 2, 3, and 4 drugs with certainty in the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines. Applying this list to evaluation of 263 ANDA approvals of BCS drugs during the period of 2000 to 2011 indicated 110 approvals (41.8%) for Class 1 drugs (based on both biowaiver and in vivo bioequivalence studies), 55 (20.9%) approvals for Class 2 drugs, 98 (37.3%) approvals for Class 3 drugs, and no (0%) approvals for Class 4 drugs. The present data indicated a trend of more ANDA approvals of BCS Class 1 drugs than Class 3 or Class 2 drugs. Antiallergic drugs in Class 1, drugs for pain relief in Class 2 and antidiabetic drugs in Class 3 have received the largest number of approvals during this period.
KEY WORDS: ANDA, BCS biowaiver, bioequivalence, Biopharmaceutics Classification System, generic drug product
INTRODUCTION
The Biopharmaceutics Classification system (BCS) classifies drug substances based on aqueous solubility and intestinal permeability which are the major characteristics of a drug substance that control its absorption in vivo (). According to the BCS classification approach, drug substances have been grouped into one of the four categories as Class 1 (high solubility, high permeability), Class 2 (low solubility, high permeability), Class 3 (high solubility, low permeability), and Class 4 (low solubility and low permeability). The US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) implemented guidance based on BCS to waive in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence study requirements to approve drug products (2). Biowaivers can be granted if the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is BCS Class 1, i.e., a drug substance of high solubility and high permeability, and if the immediate-release (IR) oral formulation exhibits rapid in vitro dissolution (2). The BCS-based biowaiver approval has also been adopted by the European Medicines Agency and World Health Organization (WHO) for IR oral drug products (). The WHO guidance recommends biowaivers for APIs that belong to BCS Class 1 and Class 3 and also certain APIs from BCS Class 2 (4). It is important to emphasize that the US FDA considers granting biowaivers only for Class 1 drugs but does not use the WHO BCS Class 1 list to grant such biowaivers. Rather, the US FDA follows the criteria described in its Guidance for Industry on the BCS (2) and considers the applicant's submitted solubility/permeability data on API and dissolution data on the drug product in deciding whether a Class 1 biowaiver is appropriate.
An in vivo bioequivalence (BE) study is the accepted test to ensure therapeutic equivalence of a generic product to its corresponding reference product. The BCS-based BE study waiver is becoming an important tool in approving generic drug products by US FDA. Initially, BCS-based BE study waivers were granted only for Scale-Up and Post Approval Changes (5). Later, this was implemented to approve generic IR oral drug products of BCS Class 1 API. BCS biowaivers are not granted to drug products with a narrow therapeutic range and drug products designed to be absorbed in the oral cavity. In vivo bioequivalence study waivers help to avoid unnecessary human exposure to drugs. In addition, biowaivers reduce the cost and time of developing generic IR oral drug products and also decrease regulatory burden ().
In the present study, to gain an understanding of the solubility and intestinal permeability properties of generic drugs under development in the USA, we examined the distribution of BCS Class 1, 2, 3, and 4 drugs in ANDA submissions based on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML) having sufficient solubility and permeability data for BCS classification with certainty (). The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines was used merely to describe generic drug solubility and intestinal permeability properties because it is publicly available and includes BCS Class 1, 2, 3, and 4 designations. However, as stated previously, to determine whether a generic drug is eligible for a BCS biowaiver, the FDA follows its own criteria set forth in its BCS Guidance for Industry (2).
METHODS
An internal FDA database was applied to identify generic drugs approved during the 2000 to 2011 period. Link download film. For determining the distribution of BCS Class 1, 2, 3, and 4 drugs in ANDA submissions, we used the approved generic drug products of immediate-release oral dosage forms listed on the WHO EML having sufficient solubility and permeability data for BCS classification with certainty.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We evaluated 263 approved generic drugs of IR products listed on the WHO EML to find out the distribution of BCS Class 1, 2, 3, and 4 drugs in approved ANDA applications during the 2000 to 2011 period. The WHO EML was used as it is a publicly available list of Class 1, 2, 3, and 4 drugs. Some of the FDA-approved oral IR ANDA products which are not listed in the WHO EML could not be considered for the study mainly due to insufficient solubility and permeability data for BCS classification with certainty. Of the 130 orally administered drugs on the WHO EML, 61 drugs have been classified as BCS 1 (21 drugs), 2 (10 drugs), 3 (24 drugs), and 4 (6 drugs) drugs with certainty (). ANDA approval data from 2000 to 2011 were analyzed to determine how many BCS Class 1, 2, 3, and 4 drugs from the list of 61 drugs were developed and approved as generic drugs based on both BCS biowaivers (applicable only for Class 1) and BE studies. The results indicated 110 (41.8%) approvals for Class 1 drug products, 55 (20.9%) approvals for Class 2 drug products, and 98 (37.3%) approvals for Class 3 drug products (Fig. 1). Figure 2 shows the yearly approval of different BCS Class generic drug products during this period. There were no approvals for WHO EML BCS Class 4 drug products during the 2000 to 2011 period. Thirty two different therapeutic classes of IR products of BCS Class 1, 2, and 3 were approved during this period. Of these 32 different therapeutics classes, antiallergic drugs in Class 1, drugs for pain relief in Class 2, and antidiabetic drugs in Class 3 have received the largest number of approvals.
The percent approval of different classes of BCS drugs listed on WHO EML from 2000 to 2011
ANDA approvals of WHO EML BCS Class drug products from 2000 to 2011 based on BCS biowaivers and in vivo BE studies
As stated above, the US FDA grants biowaivers based on the applicant's submitted solubility/permeability data on API and dissolution data on the drug product. We evaluated the quality of BCS biowaiver ANDA applications submitted to the FDA and noted some commonly occurring deficiencies. These deficiencies are mostly associated with solubility and permeability studies on API and are listed below:
The above information is provided to assist applicants who submit BCS biowaiver requests to the FDA to prepare high-quality submissions. We hope that publication of this information on commonly occurring deficiencies associated with BCS biowaiver ANDA applications will promote application and review efficiency.
CONCLUSION
The data presented in this study on 32 different therapeutic classes of BCS generic drugs approved by the US FDA during the 2000â2011 period indicated the following ANDA approval trend: BCS Class 1â>âClass 3â>âClass 2, with no BCS Class 4 drugs evaluated. Antiallergic drugs in Class 1, drugs for pain relief in Class 2, and antidiabetic drugs in Class 3 have received the largest number of approvals.
References
1. Amidon GL, Lennernas H, Shah VP, Crison JR. A theoretical basis for a biopharmaceutic drug classification: the correlation of in vitro drug product dissolution and in vivo bioavailability. Pharm Res. 1995;12:413â420. doi: 10.1023/A:1016212804288. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
2. CDER/FDA. Guidance for industry: waiver of in vivo bioavailability and bioequivalence studies for immediate release dosage forms based on a biopharmaceutical classification system, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; 2000 At: www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm070246.pdf. Accessed 18 June 2012.
3. Dahan A, Miller JM, Amidon GL. Prediction of solubility and permeability class membership: provisional BCS classification of the worldâs top oral drugs. AAPS J. 2009;11:740â746. doi: 10.1208/s12248-009-9144-x.[PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
4. WHO. Proposal to waive in vivo bioequivalence requirements for WHO Model List of Essential Medicines immediate-release, solid oral dosage forms. Annex 8 of WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. Geneva: WHO Technical Report Series No. 937, 2006; 40th edition: pp 391â461. At: http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/index.html. Accessed 18 June 2012.
5. CDER/FDA. Guidance for industry: immediate release solid oral dosage forms: scale-up and postapproval changes: chemistry, manufacturing and controls, in vitro dissolution testing, and in vivo bioequivalence documentation, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; 1995. At: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm070636.pdf. Accessed 18 June 2012.
6. Cook JA, Davit BM, Polli JE. Impact of biopharmaceutics classification system-based biowaivers. Mol Pharm. 2010;7:1539â1544. doi: 10.1021/mp1001747. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
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Articles from The AAPS Journal are provided here courtesy of American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
Drugs controlled by the United Kingdom (UK) Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 are listed in this article.These drugs are known in the UK as controlled drugs, because this is the term by which the act itself refers to them. In more general terms, however, many of these drugs are also controlled by the Medicines Act 1969, there are many other drugs which are controlled by the Medicines Act but not by the Misuse of Drugs Act, and other substances which may be considered drugs (alcohol, for example) are controlled by other laws.
The Misuse of Drugs Act sets out three separate categories, Class A, Class B, and Class C. Class A drugs represent those deemed most dangerous, and so carry the harshest punishments. Class C represents those thought to have the least capacity for harm, and so the Act demands more lenient punishment. In reality the potential harm has little bearing on the class,[1] which has led to dissatisfaction with drug laws.[2]
Being found in possession of a drug on this list is dealt with less seriously than would be if it were deemed that there is intent to supply (even without payment) the drug to others. Possession with intent to supply carries a maximum penalty of life imprisonment.
With regard to lawful possession and supply, a different set of categories apply which are set out in the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 (as amended). This sets out five schedules each with their own restrictions. Schedule 1 contains substances considered by the government to have no medicinal value, such as hallucinogens, and their use is limited primarily to research, whereas schedules 2â5 contain the other regulated drugs. This means that although drugs may fall into the category of Class A/B/C, they may also fall into one of the schedules for legitimate medicinal use. For example, morphine is a Class A drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, but when lawfully supplied falls under the category of a Schedule 2 controlled drug.
Substances may be removed and added to different parts of the schedule by statutory instrument, provided a report of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs has been commissioned and has reached a conclusion, although the Secretary of State is not bound by the council's findings. This list has in practice been modified a great number of times, sometimes removing substances, but more commonly adding some; for example, many benzodiazepines became Class C drugs in 1985, and many cathinones became Class B drugs in 2010.
Class A drugs[edit]
1. The following substances, namely:â[3]
(a)
(b) any compound (not being a compound for the time being specified in sub-paragraph (a) above) structurally derived from tryptamine or from a ring-hydroxy tryptamine by modification in any of the following ways, that is to sayâ[11]
(ba)the following phenethylamine derivatives, namely:â[12][13]
(c) any compound (not being methoxyphenamine or a compound for the time being specified in sub-paragraph (a) above) structurally derived from phenethylamine an N-alkylphenethylamine, a methylphenethylamine, an N-alkyl-α-methylphenethylamine, an ethylphenethylamine, or an N-alkyl-α-ethylphenethylamine by substitution in the ring to any extent with alkyl, alkoxy, alkylenedioxy or halide substituents, whether or not further substituted in the ring by one or more other univalent substituents.
(d) any compound (not being a compound for the time being specified in sub-paragraph (a) above) structurally derived from fentanyl by modification in any of the following ways, that is to say,
(e) any compound (not being a compound for the time being specified in sub-paragraph (a) above) structurally derived from pethidine by modification in any of the following ways, that is to say,
(f) any compound (not being benzyl(α-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenethyl)amine) structurally derived from mescaline, 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-α-methylphenethylamine, 2,5-dimethoxy-α,4-dimethylphenethylamine, N-hydroxytenamphetamine (N-hydroxy-MDA), or a compound specified in sub-paragraph (ba) or (c) above, by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the amino group with a benzyl substituent, whether or not substituted in the phenyl ring of the benzyl group to any extent.â.
2. Any stereoisomeric form of a substance for the time being specified in paragraph 1 above not being dextromethorphan or dextrorphan.
3. Any ester or ether of a substance for the time being specified in paragraph 1 or 2 above [not being a substance for the time being specified in Part II of this Schedule].
4. Any salt of a substance for the time being specified in any of paragraphs 1 to 3 above.
5. Any preparation or other product containing a substance or product for the time being specified in any of paragraphs 1 to 4 above.
6. Any preparation designed for administration by injection which includes a substance or product for the time being specified in any of paragraphs 1 to 3 of Part II of this Schedule.
Class B drugs[edit]
1. The following substances, namely:â[3]
(a)
(aa)[20] Any compound (not being bupropion, cathinone, diethylpropion, pyrovalerone or a compound for the time being specified in subâparagraph (a) above) structurally derived from 2âaminoâ1âphenylâ1âpropanone by modification in any of the following ways, that is to say,
(ab)[21]Any compound structurally derived from 2âaminopropanâ1âone by substitution at the 1-position with any monocyclic, or fusedâpolycyclic ring system (not being a phenyl ring or alkylenedioxyphenyl ring system), whether or not the compound is further modified in any of the following ways, that is to say,
(b)any 5,5 disubstituted barbituric acid
(c)[22][2,3âDihydroâ5âmethylâ3â(4âmorpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1, 2, 3âde]â1,4âbenzoxazinâ6âyl]â1ânaphthalenylmethanone. (WIN 55,212-2)
3âDimethylheptylâ11âhydroxyhexahydrocannabinol.
[9âHydroxyâ6âmethylâ3â[5âphenylpentanâ2âyl] oxyâ5, 6, 6a, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10aâoctahydrophenanthridinâ1âyl] acetate.
9-(Hydroxymethyl)â6, 6âdimethylâ3â(2âmethyloctanâ2âyl)â6a, 7, 10, 10aâtetrahydrobenzo[c]chromenâ1âol.
[2,3âDihydroâ5âmethylâ3â(4âmorpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1, 2, 3âde]â1,4âbenzoxazinâ6âyl]â1ânaphthalenylmethanone.
Any compound structurally derived from 3â(1ânaphthoyl)indole or 1Hâindolâ3âylâ(1ânaphthyl)methane by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl or 2â(4âmorpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent.
Any compound structurally derived from 3â(1ânaphthoyl)pyrrole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the pyrrole ring by alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl or 2â(4âmorpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the pyrrole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent.
Any compound structurally derived from 1â(1ânaphthylmethyl)indene by substitution at the 3âposition of the indene ring by alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl or 2â(4âmorpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the indene ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the naphthyl ring to any extent.
Any compound structurally derived from 3âphenylacetylindole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring with alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl or 2â(4âmorpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the phenyl ring to any extent.
Any compound structurally derived from 2â(3âhydroxycyclohexyl)phenol by substitution at the 5âposition of the phenolic ring by alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl or 2â(4âmorpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the cyclohexyl ring to any extent.';
Any compound structurally derived from 3-benzoylindole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl or 2â(4âmorpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the phenyl ring to any extent.
Any compound structurally derived from 3-(1-adamantoyl)indole or 3-(2-adamantoyl)indole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl or 2â(4âmorpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent and whether or not substituted in the adamantyl ring to any extent.
Any compound structurally derived from 3-(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropylcarbonyl)indole by substitution at the nitrogen atom of the indole ring by alkyl, haloalkyl, alkenyl, cyanoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, cycloalkylmethyl, cycloalkylethyl, (N-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl or 2â(4âmorpholinyl)ethyl, whether or not further substituted in the indole ring to any extent.
(ca)[23] any compound (not being clonitazene, etonitazene, acemetacin, atorvastatin, bazedoxifene, indometacin, losartan, olmesartan, proglumetacin, telmisartan, viminol, zafirlukast or a compound for the time being specified in sub-paragraph (c) above) structurally related to 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-018), in that the four sub-structures, that is to say the indole ring, the pentyl substituent, the methanone linking group and the naphthyl ring, are linked together in a similar manner, whether or not any of the sub-structures have been modified, and whether or not substituted in any of the linked sub-structures with one or more univalent substituents and, where any of the sub-structures have been modified, the modifications of the sub-structures are limited to any of the following, that is to sayâ
Class 1 2 3 Occlusion
(d)[22] 1-Phenylcyclohexylamine or any compound (not being ketamine, tiletamine or a compound for the time being specified in paragraph 1(a) of Part 1 of this Schedule) structurally derived from 1-phenylcyclohexylamine or 2-amino-2-phenylcyclohexanone by modification in any of the following ways, that is to say,
(i) by substitution at the nitrogen atom to any extent by alkyl, alkenyl or hydroxyalkyl groups, or replacement of the amino group with a 1-piperidyl, 1-pyrrolidyl or 1-azepyl group, whether or not the nitrogen containing ring is further substituted by one or more alkyl groups;
(ii) by substitution in the phenyl ring to any extent by amino, alkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy or halide substituents, whether or not further substituted in the phenyl ring to any extent;
(iii) by substitution in the cyclohexyl or cyclohexanone ring by one or more alkyl substituents;
(iv) by replacement of the phenyl ring with a thienyl ring.
(e) Any compound (not being a compound for the time being specified in paragraph 1(ba) of Part 1 of this Schedule) structurally derived from 1-benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran, 1H-indole, indoline, 1H-indene, or indane by substitution in the 6-membered ring with a 2-ethylamino substituent whether or not further substituted in the ring system to any extent with alkyl, alkoxy, halide or haloalkyl substituents and whether or not substituted in the ethylamino side-chain with one or more alkyl substituents.
2. Any stereoisomeric form of a substance for the time being specified in paragraph 1 of this Part of this Schedule.
3. Any salt of a substance for the time being specified in paragraph 1 or 2 of this Part of this Schedule.
4. Any preparation or other product containing a substance or product for the time being specified in any of paragraphs 1 to 3 of this Part of this Schedule, not being a preparation falling within paragraph 6 of Part I of this Schedule.
Class C drugs[edit]
1. Class C drugs, supposedly the least harmful drugs, include the following substances:â[3]
(a)
(b)
(c)any compound (not being Trilostane or a compound for the time being specified in sub-paragraph (b) above) structurally derived from 17-hydroxyandrostan-3-one or from 17-hydroxyestran-3-one by modification in any of the following ways, that is to say,(i) by further substitution at position 17 by a methyl or ethyl group;(ii) by substitution to any extent at one or more of positions 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11 or 16, but at no other position;(iii) by unsaturation in the carbocyclic ring system to any extent, provided that there are no more than two ethylenic bonds in any one carbocyclic ring;(iv) by fusion of ring A with a heterocyclic system;
(d)any substance which is an ester or ether (or, where more than one hydroxyl function is available, both an ester and an ether) of a substance specified in sub-paragraph (b) or described in sub-paragraph (c) above;
(e)
(f)1âbenzylpiperazine or any compound (not being 1â(3âchlorophenyl)piperazine or 1â(3âchlorophenyl)â4â(3âchloropropyl)piperazine) structurally derived from 1âbenzylpiperazine or 1âphenylpiperazine by modification in any of the following ways
(i)by substitution at the second nitrogen atom of the piperazine ring with alkyl, benzyl, haloalkyl or phenyl groups;
(ii)by substitution in the aromatic ring to any extent with alkyl, alkoxy, alkylenedioxy, halide or haloalkyl groups;
2. Any stereoisomeric form of a substance for the time being specified in paragraph 1 of this Part of this Schedule [not being phenylpropanolamine.]
3. Any salt of a substance for the time being specified in paragraph 1 or 2 of this Part of this Schedule.
4. Any preparation or other product containing a substance for the time being specified in any of paragraphs 1 to 3 of this Part of this Schedule.
Derivatives and analogues[edit]1 2 3 Boutique Femme
The act contains several references to 'derivatives' of compounds but the extent of this term is not fully clarified. Where unspecified it is thought to indicate derivatives which can be made from the specified compound in a single synthetic step, although such a definition would indicate that alkyllysergamide analogues would be uncontrolled. Where the derivatives are specified to be 'structural derivatives' there is precedent that the statute applies whenever the structure could be converted to the specified derivatives in any number of synthetic steps.[29]
References[edit]
This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence v3.0: To maintain the accuracy of the article, some of the text is copied directly from the legislation.
Class 1 2 3 Drugs In Iowa
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drugs_controlled_by_the_UK_Misuse_of_Drugs_Act&oldid=898235143'
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